1. Which of the following is the most common cause of anemia? A. Vitamin D deficiency B. Iron deficiency C. Bacterial infection D. Fungal infection
2. What is the main cause of osteoarthritis? A. Bacterial infection B. Viral infection C. Wear and tear of joint cartilage D. Genetic mutation
3. Which of the following is the primary function of the circulatory system? A. Support the body structure B. Transport oxygen and nutrients to cells C. Regulate body temperature D. Protect the body from infections
4. Which of the following is a characteristic of an infection caused by the bacterium *Streptococcus pneumoniae*? A. Mild fever and headaches B. Severe cough and difficulty breathing C. Abdominal pain D. Fatigue and muscle soreness
5. Which of the following diseases is transmitted by a mosquito? A. Hepatitis B. Cholera C. Malaria D. AIDS
6. Which of the following is a characteristic of cancer cells? A. They are always benign B. They reproduce uncontrollably C. They respond to normal growth signals D. They are always caused by bacterial infections
7. What is the function of the human immune system? A. Regulate blood pressure B. Protect the body from harmful pathogens C. Produce digestive enzymes D. Help in food digestion
8. Which of the following diseases is caused by an imbalance in thyroid hormone production? A. Hypothyroidism B. Tuberculosis C. Asthma D. Rheumatoid arthritis
9. What type of cell is responsible for producing antibodies during an immune response? A. T-cells B. B-cells C. Platelets D. Macrophages
10. Which part of the nervous system controls involuntary actions such as heart rate and digestion? A. Somatic nervous system B. Autonomic nervous system C. Central nervous system D. Peripheral nervous system
11. Which of the following is the primary mechanism by which cancer cells acquire resistance to targeted therapies? A. Alterations in the drug target, reducing the drug’s binding affinity B. Upregulation of drug efflux pumps that remove the drug from the cell C. Activation of alternative survival pathways that bypass the drug's mechanism of action D. All of the above
12. Which of the following is NOT a part of the human respiratory system? A. Lungs B. Bronchi C. Liver D. Trachea
13. Which of the following is a chronic respiratory disease caused by the obstruction of airflow in the lungs? A. Pneumonia B. Asthma C. COPD D. Tuberculosis
14. Which of the following hormones is responsible for stimulating milk production in females? A. Prolactin B. Oxytocin C. Estrogen D. Progesterone
15. Which of the following is a function of the liver? A. Storage of oxygen B. Secretion of digestive enzymes C. Detoxification of harmful substances D. Storage of bile salts
16. Which of the following is NOT a function of the human digestive system? A. Absorption of nutrients B. Breaking down food C. Production of hormones D. Regulation of body temperature
17. Which of the following is a common treatment for bacterial infections? A. Antibiotics B. Vaccines C. Antiviral medications D. Pain relievers
18. Which of the following best explains the role of the gut microbiota in the development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)? A. Altered gut microbiota composition triggers immune system dysfunction and inflammation B. Increased gut permeability allows bacterial antigens to trigger immune responses C. Imbalance in the gut microbiota leads to increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines D. All of the above
19. Which of the following is the primary function of platelets in the human body? A. Regulate blood glucose levels B. Fight infections C. Form blood clots D. Transport oxygen
20. Which of the following is a consequence of untreated hypertension? A. Increased blood flow to the brain B. Weakened blood vessels C. Increased blood oxygen levels D. Stronger immune response
21. Which of the following best describes the role of immune evasion in cancer? A. Cancer cells downregulate major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules to avoid recognition by cytotoxic T cells B. Tumors secrete immunosuppressive cytokines to inhibit immune response C. Cancer cells upregulate checkpoint proteins like PD-L1 to suppress T cell activation D. All of the above
22. Which organ system is primarily responsible for regulating body temperature? A. Nervous system B. Endocrine system C. Circulatory system D. Integumentary system
23. Which of the following is the result of the activation of the renin-angiotensin system? A. Increased blood pressure B. Decreased heart rate C. Decreased blood volume D. Increased oxygen delivery to tissues
24. Which of the following is the main function of the human digestive system? A. Transport oxygen to the cells B. Break down food and absorb nutrients C. Regulate body temperature D. Fight off infections
25. What is the cause of the genetic disorder Down syndrome? A. A viral infection B. An extra chromosome 21 C. Deficiency of a particular enzyme D. Presence of defective mitochondria
26. What is the role of the p53 protein in preventing cancer? A. Induces cell cycle arrest and initiates apoptosis in damaged cells B. Inhibits the growth of blood vessels needed for tumor expansion C. Promotes the repair of DNA damage by upregulating repair enzymes D. Inhibits the expression of oncogenes like Ras and MYC
27. Which of the following is a common symptom of stroke? A. Loss of sensation or weakness on one side of the body B. Fatigue C. Frequent urination D. Headaches
28. What is the primary cause of thrombosis in patients with atherosclerosis? A. Rupture of atherosclerotic plaques triggering clot formation B. Increased blood viscosity due to hypercholesterolemia C. Excessive platelet production leading to clot formation D. Deficiency in clotting factors causing abnormal bleeding
29. Which of the following is a direct consequence of a mutation in the BRCA1 gene in breast cancer? A. Failure to repair DNA damage, leading to an accumulation of mutations B. Excessive estrogen production in the ovaries C. Increased expression of the HER2 receptor, leading to uncontrolled cell growth D. Impaired cell cycle regulation and apoptosis in the mammary glands
30. Which type of blood vessel carries oxygen-depleted blood back to the heart? A. Veins B. Arteries C. Capillaries D. Lymphatic vessels
31. Which of the following best explains the mechanism by which cancer cells evade apoptosis? A. Mutations in tumor suppressor genes prevent activation of apoptosis pathways B. Overexpression of oncogenes promotes continuous cell division C. Increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) damages cellular DNA D. Inactivation of DNA repair pathways leads to the accumulation of mutations
32. Which of the following is true about Type 1 diabetes? A. It is caused by insulin resistance B. It is often preventable through lifestyle changes C. It is an autoimmune disease where the body attacks its insulin-producing cells D. It is associated with obesity
33. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a viral infection? A. Can be treated with antibiotics B. Can cause diseases such as HIV/AIDS and influenza C. Require a host cell to reproduce D. Cause symptoms like fever and fatigue
34. Which of the following hormones is responsible for regulating the sleep-wake cycle? A. Melatonin B. Adrenaline C. Insulin D. Cortisol
35. Which of the following is the cause of the genetic disorder Duchenne muscular dystrophy? A. Mutations in the dystrophin gene leading to defective muscle function B. Deletions in the dystrophin gene causing muscle fiber degeneration C. Deficiency in mitochondrial function leading to muscle weakness D. Mutations in the actin gene leading to muscle contracture
36. Which of the following molecular alterations is commonly observed in tumors with high levels of microsatellite instability (MSI)? A. Defects in the DNA mismatch repair (MMR) system lead to accumulation of errors during DNA replication B. Mutations in oncogenes like Ras that drive continuous cell division C. Overexpression of cyclins, promoting unscheduled cell cycle progression D. Deletion of tumor suppressor genes that normally inhibit cell growth
37. Which part of the body is primarily responsible for the production of bile? A. Stomach B. Liver C. Small intestine D. Pancreas
38. Which of the following cells is responsible for the production of antibodies? A. B lymphocytes B. T lymphocytes C. Macrophages D. Neutrophils
40. Which part of the brain is primarily involved in memory and emotions? A. Cerebrum B. Cerebellum C. Medulla oblongata D. Hypothalamus
41. Which of the following is a common risk factor for developing kidney disease? A. Regular exercise B. Chronic high blood pressure C. Adequate hydration D. Low cholesterol
42. Which of the following diseases is caused by an autoimmune response? A. Multiple sclerosis B. Cystic fibrosis C. Tuberculosis D. Malaria
43. How does the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) contribute to the development of Burkitt's lymphoma? A. EBV-induced expression of c-myc leads to unregulated cell division in B cells B. EBV inhibits apoptosis in infected cells by expressing viral proteins that block p53 activity C. EBV integration into the host genome induces chromosomal translocations that activate oncogenes D. All of the above
44. Which of the following is the molecular mechanism by which UV radiation contributes to skin cancer? A. Induces pyrimidine dimers in DNA, leading to mutations B. Stimulates the overproduction of melanin, leading to cell death C. Decreases the activity of p53, impairing apoptosis D. Increases the production of reactive oxygen species, causing oxidative damage
45. What is the function of the red bone marrow? A. Store fat B. Produce blood cells C. Regulate hormone levels D. Aid in digestion
46. Which type of blood vessel carries oxygenated blood away from the heart? A. Veins B. Arteries C. Capillaries D. Lymph vessels
47. Which of the following is the main cause of asthma? A. Air pollution and allergens B. Bacterial infection C. Viral infection D. Physical inactivity
48. Which of the following diseases is caused by a viral infection? A. Chickenpox B. Hepatitis B C. Tuberculosis D. Asthma
49. Which of the following best explains how the loss of mitochondrial function contributes to cancer? A. Mitochondrial dysfunction leads to abnormal cellular metabolism and enhanced cell survival B. Loss of mitochondrial apoptosis pathways allows cancer cells to evade cell death signals C. Mitochondrial dysfunction increases the production of ROS, promoting DNA mutations and tumorigenesis D. All of the above
50. Which of the following is the cause of the genetic disorder cystic fibrosis? A. Bacterial infection B. A mutation in the CFTR gene C. Deficiency of vitamin D D. Increased blood pressure