1. Which of the following is NOT part of the cell theory? A. All living organisms are made of cells B. Cells are the basic unit of life C. All cells arise from pre-existing cells D. Cells can spontaneously form from non-living matter
2. Which of the following refers to an organism with two identical alleles for a gene? A. Homozygous dominant B. Heterozygous C. Homozygous recessive D. Heterozygous recessive
4. Which of the following describes a codominant trait? A. A blend of two traits B. Two alleles contribute equally to the phenotype C. One allele is dominant over the other D. The trait is expressed only when two copies are present
6. Which of the following is a key characteristic of prokaryotic organisms? A. They lack membrane-bound organelles B. They have a defined nucleus C. They can perform photosynthesis D. They have linear DNA
7. Which of the following is a characteristic of a heterozygous individual? A. Two identical alleles for a gene B. Two different alleles for a gene C. One dominant and one recessive allele for a gene D. None of the above
8. Which of the following is an example of a genetic mutation? A. A change in DNA sequence B. A change in protein function C. A change in enzyme activity D. A change in metabolism
9. Which of the following is the purpose of meiosis? A. To produce gametes with half the number of chromosomes B. To produce somatic cells C. To repair damaged DNA D. To duplicate chromosomes for cell growth
10. How do enzymes function in biochemical reactions? A. By lowering the activation energy B. By providing energy C. By slowing down the reaction D. By changing the direction of the reaction
11. The process by which a cell divides to form two identical daughter cells is called: A. Meiosis B. Mitosis C. Binary fission D. Conjugation
13. Which of the following statements about the cell membrane is correct? A. It is composed only of proteins B. It is permeable to all substances C. It regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cell D. It does not contain lipids
15. In the process of translation, which molecule carries amino acids to the ribosome? A. mRNA B. tRNA C. rRNA D. DNA
16. Law of independent assortment is applicable when genes are: A. Linked B. On same chromosome C. On different chromosomes D. Recessive
17. In which phase of the cell cycle does the cell grow and prepare for DNA replication? A. G1 phase B. S phase C. G2 phase D. M phase
18. Which of the following is true for a recessive genetic trait? A. It is expressed when only one allele is present B. It is expressed only when two copies are present in a homozygous individual C. It is always expressed in the phenotype D. It is not passed on to offspring
19. Which of the following is a true statement about a dominant allele? A. It is only expressed in a homozygous state B. It is always expressed in the phenotype C. It can be masked by a recessive allele D. It cannot be passed on to offspring
20. Which of the following structures is involved in the process of translation? A. Mitochondria B. Ribosomes C. Golgi apparatus D. Endoplasmic reticulum
21. Which of the following processes occurs in the mitochondria? A. Photosynthesis B. Protein synthesis C. Cellular respiration D. DNA replication
22. Which of the following best describes the function of the mitochondria? A. ATP production B. Photosynthesis C. Protein synthesis D. Storage of genetic material
24. Which of the following disorders is caused by a mutation in the hemoglobin gene? A. Cystic fibrosis B. Sickle cell anemia C. Down syndrome D. Turner syndrome
25. Which of the following is true for recessive traits? A. They are always expressed in the phenotype B. They require two copies of the allele for expression C. They are expressed in heterozygous individuals D. They cannot be passed to offspring
28. In which phase of meiosis does independent assortment occur? A. Prophase I B. Metaphase I C. Anaphase I D. Telophase I
29. Which of the following disorders is caused by a mutation in a single gene? A. Down syndrome B. Cystic fibrosis C. Turner syndrome D. Klinefelter syndrome
31. In the process of meiosis, genetic variation is introduced during: A. Metaphase II B. Prophase II C. Anaphase I D. Crossing over in Prophase I
32. In a dihybrid cross between two heterozygous individuals, what is the expected phenotypic ratio of the offspring? A. 1:1 B. 3:1 C. 9:3:3:1 D. 1:2:1
34. Which of the following is true about the genetic code? A. It is universal across all organisms B. It only applies to humans C. It differs between prokaryotes and eukaryotes D. It uses only four amino acids
35. What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum? A. Synthesis of lipids and detoxification of drugs B. Storage of genetic information C. Synthesis of proteins D. Modification of proteins for transport
36. DNA is composed of repeating units called: A. Amino acids B. Nucleotides C. Nitrogen bases D. Sugars
38. The gene for eye color in humans is an example of: A. Multiple alleles B. Codominance C. Polygenic inheritance D. Sex-linked inheritance
39. Which of the following macromolecules are enzymes made from? A. Proteins B. Carbohydrates C. Lipids D. Nucleic acids
42. What process is responsible for the production of glucose in plants? A. Photosynthesis B. Cellular respiration C. Glycolysis D. Fermentation
43. Mitochondria are called semi-autonomous because they have: A. Only enzymes B. Own DNA and ribosomes C. Cell wall D. Lysosomes
44. During which stage of the cell cycle does DNA replication take place? A. G1 phase B. S phase C. G2 phase D. M phase
45. Which of the following is true about the process of crossing over during meiosis? A. It results in identical genetic material being passed on to offspring B. It occurs during the formation of gametes in meiosis I C. It occurs during prophase II of meiosis D. It does not contribute to genetic variation
46. Which of the following best describes a prokaryotic cell? A. Lacks a membrane-bound nucleus B. Has membrane-bound organelles C. Has a true nucleus D. Contains ribosomes only
47. Which of the following is a function of proteins in the body? A. Catalyzing biochemical reactions B. Storing energy C. Carrying genetic information D. Producing ATP
48. What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum? A. Synthesis of lipids B. Protein synthesis C. Detoxification D. Storage of calcium ions
50. Which of the following represents the correct base-pairing in DNA? A. Adenine with Guanine, Cytosine with Thymine B. Adenine with Thymine, Cytosine with Guanine C. Adenine with Cytosine, Guanine with Thymine D. Adenine with Uracil, Cytosine with Guanine