1. Which of the following is NOT part of the carbon cycle? A. Burning of fossil fuels B. Respiration of animals C. Nitrification D. Photosynthesis by plants
2. Which of the following describes the term 'biomagnification'? A. Increase in concentration of toxins as you move up the trophic levels B. Decrease in concentration of toxins as you move up the trophic levels C. Increase in biodiversity D. Decrease in the number of predators
3. Which of the following factors is most responsible for the formation of desert biomes? A. Low precipitation B. High precipitation C. High biodiversity D. Temperature fluctuations
4. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a climax community? A. Stable and mature B. High biodiversity C. Undisturbed by environmental changes D. Always dominated by herbivores
5. Which of the following is a result of increased nitrogen levels in aquatic ecosystems? A. Eutrophication B. Decrease in algal growth C. Increase in water clarity D. Increase in oxygen levels
6. Which of the following is NOT a consequence of global warming? A. Melting of polar ice caps B. Increase in extreme weather events C. Rise in sea levels D. Increase in polar bear population
7. What is the primary role of producers in an ecosystem? A. Convert solar energy into chemical energy B. Consume plants for energy C. Decompose dead organisms D. Regulate atmospheric gases
8. Which of the following can lead to the extinction of native species? A. Introduction of invasive species B. Increased genetic variation C. Improved biodiversity D. Reduction in habitat fragmentation
9. In an aquatic food web, which of the following organisms would be a tertiary consumer? A. Shark B. Fish C. Zooplankton D. Phytoplankton
10. Which of the following is true about the process of ecological succession? A. It is a gradual process of ecosystem change B. It occurs rapidly over a short period C. It results in the permanent extinction of species D. It involves the introduction of new pollutants
11. What is the role of producers in an ecosystem? A. They produce food for other organisms B. They consume herbivores C. They break down dead material D. They regulate climate
12. Which of the following is true about the carbon cycle? A. It involves the movement of carbon through the atmosphere, plants, animals, and soil B. It occurs only in tropical ecosystems C. It results in a net loss of carbon D. It does not involve plants
13. Which of the following human activities contributes most to the loss of biodiversity in Nepal? A. Overexploitation of resources B. Agriculture C. Tourism D. Energy production
14. Which of the following gases is most responsible for the greenhouse effect? A. Carbon dioxide B. Oxygen C. Nitrogen D. Methane
15. Which of the following is true about invasive species? A. They can disrupt local ecosystems B. They are always beneficial to ecosystems C. They are native to the ecosystem D. They contribute to increased biodiversity
16. Which region of Nepal has the richest biodiversity due to its unique climate and geography? A. The Himalayan region B. The Terai region C. The Mid-hills D. The Siwalik region
17. Which organization is responsible for the conservation of biodiversity in Nepal? A. Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation B. Ministry of Environment C. National Conservation Organization D. Forest Development Authority
18. Which of the following is a characteristic of the taiga biome? A. Cold winters and mild summers B. Low biodiversity C. High precipitation D. Permanent ice cover
19. Which of the following is the main source of energy for photosynthesis? A. Sunlight B. Oxygen C. Carbon dioxide D. Water
20. Which of the following processes removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere? A. Photosynthesis B. Respiration C. Burning of fossil fuels D. Decomposition
21. The term 'endemic species' refers to? A. Species that are found only in a specific geographical area B. Species that migrate from other areas C. Species that are found in many different areas D. Species that are extinct
22. Which biome is characterized by cold temperatures, low precipitation, and permafrost? A. Tundra B. Taiga C. Temperate grassland D. Desert
23. Which of the following is true about primary consumers? A. They consume producers B. They consume other consumers C. They decompose dead organic material D. They produce energy through photosynthesis
24. What is the term used for a species that has a large effect on its ecosystem? A. Keystone species B. Endemic species C. Invasive species D. Indicator species
25. Which of the following species in Nepal is facing a threat of extinction due to poaching? A. Tigers B. Pandas C. Elephants D. Bears
26. Which of the following is a consequence of the increase in greenhouse gases in the atmosphere? A. Global warming B. Ozone depletion C. Increased precipitation D. Higher biodiversity
27. Which of the following is a key feature of the ecological zones in Nepal? A. Altitudinal variations B. Uniform climate C. Lack of vegetation D. Flat topography
28. Which bird is the national bird of Nepal? A. Danphe (Himalayan Monal) B. Peacock C. Eagle D. Crow
29. Which of the following is a significant consequence of habitat fragmentation? A. Loss of biodiversity B. Increase in species diversity C. Improvement in ecosystem functions D. Increase in habitat area
30. Which of the following is a major consequence of reduced biodiversity? A. Ecosystem instability B. Increased agricultural yield C. Improved soil fertility D. Reduced pollution
31. Which of the following best describes an invasive species? A. A species that outcompetes native species B. A species that is beneficial to the ecosystem C. A species that never establishes in new environments D. A species that only exists in a specific location
32. What is the significance of national parks and wildlife reserves in biodiversity conservation? A. Provide protected habitats for endangered species B. Support commercial agriculture C. Promote urban development D. Increase deforestation
33. Which of the following is the largest biodiversity hotspot in Nepal? A. The Eastern Himalayas B. The Terai region C. The Mid-hills D. The Annapurna Conservation Area
34. Which of the following is a result of soil erosion? A. Loss of fertile topsoil B. Increase in biodiversity C. Decrease in rainfall D. Higher agricultural productivity
35. Which of the following ecosystems is the most productive in terms of biomass? A. Tropical rainforests B. Deserts C. Tundras D. Open oceans
36. What is the term for a species that has a disproportionately large effect on its ecosystem? A. Keystone species B. Endemic species C. Invasive species D. Indicator species
37. Which of the following biomes is characterized by low precipitation and extreme temperature fluctuations? A. Desert B. Tundra C. Temperate forest D. Tropical rainforest
38. Which of the following is an example of an ecological indicator species in Nepal? A. The Himalayan vulture B. Himalayan brown bear C. Yaks D. Red panda
39. Which of the following is the most significant factor in determining the distribution of biomes? A. Climate B. Soil nutrients C. Animal species D. Water availability
40. In Nepal, which of the following is a critical action for protecting biodiversity? A. Establishing more protected areas B. Expanding urban settlements C. Destroying invasive species D. Increasing agricultural output
41. What is the primary function of chlorophyll in plants? A. Absorbing light energy for photosynthesis B. Producing glucose C. Converting carbon dioxide into oxygen D. Transmitting genetic information
42. Which of the following describes the movement of carbon through ecosystems? A. It cycles between living organisms and the atmosphere B. It moves only in plants C. It is only produced by humans D. It is not involved in the food chain
43. Which of the following is the most significant cause of habitat fragmentation? A. Road construction and urbanization B. Flooding C. Droughts D. Wildfires
44. Which of the following is a characteristic of an invasive species? A. Outcompetes native species B. Helps increase biodiversity C. Is easily controlled by native predators D. Always benefits ecosystems
45. Which biome is characterized by extremely low temperatures and permafrost? A. Tundra B. Temperate forest C. Savanna D. Desert
46. Which ecological zone in Nepal is the most critical for preserving biodiversity? A. The Terai and Sub-tropical regions B. The Alpine zones C. The Mangrove regions D. The Industrial zones
47. Which of the following is a characteristic of the desert biome? A. Low rainfall B. High biodiversity C. Tropical vegetation D. Frequent thunderstorms
48. What term describes the non-living components of an ecosystem? A. Abiotic factors B. Biotic factors C. Producers D. Consumers
49. In which part of Nepal is the Chure Hills biodiversity hotspot located? A. Mid-western Nepal B. Eastern Nepal C. Central Nepal D. Far-western Nepal
50. Which of the following is an example of a biotic factor in an ecosystem? A. Predation B. Rainfall C. Soil composition D. Temperature